Negative electrode active material, and negative electrode and lithium ion secondary battery using the negative electrode active material

ABSTRACT

A negative electrode active material is provided for a lithium ion secondary battery having high initial charging/discharging efficiency. The negative electrode active material containing silicon and silicon oxide has two phases with different compositions therein. One of the two phases has a lower silicon element concentration than the other phase, and is a fibrous phase forming a network structure in a cross section of primary particle of the negative electrode active material. Use of the negative electrode active material enables a sufficient increase in initial charging/discharging efficiency.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a negative electrode active material, and a negative electrode and a lithium ion secondary battery using the negative electrode active material.

BACKGROUND ART

A lithium ion secondary battery is lighter in weight and has higher capacity than a nickel-cadmium battery, a nickel hydrogen battery, or the like. For this reason, the lithium ion secondary batteries have been widely used as a power supply for mobile electronic appliances. The lithium ion secondary battery is also a strong candidate for a power supply to be mounted on hybrid automobiles and electric automobiles. Moreover, with the size reduction and higher sophistication of the mobile electronic appliances in recent years, the lithium ion secondary battery used for the power supply is expected to have higher capacity.

The capacity of a lithium ion secondary battery mainly depends on an active material of an electrode. As a negative electrode active material, graphite is typically used. To meet the above demand, however, it is necessary to use a negative electrode active material with higher capacity. In view of this, metal silicon (Si) with much higher theoretical capacity (4210 mAh/g) than that of graphite (372 mAh/g) has attracted attention.

An example of the negative electrode active material using such metal silicon includes a mixture of silicon and silicon oxide. The stress due to the expansion and contraction of the silicon in the mixture of silicon and silicon oxide at the time of charging and discharging is relieved by silicon oxide. Thus, this mixture is supposed to be superior to silicon in cycle characteristics. In the mixture of silicon and silicon oxide, an irreversible reaction involving reduction of an oxide occurs at the time of initial charging, and therefore the amount of electricity required for the reduction constitutes an irreversible capacity. As a result of such irreversible reaction, the lithium that contributes to discharge is decreased, and therefore the capacity corresponding to the amount of decrease in lithium constitutes an irreversible capacity. The amount of lithium contributing to charging and discharging is primarily determined by the amount of lithium in the positive electrode. Accordingly, an increase in the irreversible capacity in the negative electrode leads to a further decrease in the capacity of the battery as a whole.

In order to decrease the irreversible capacity, a technique has been proposed whereby, prior to the start of charging and discharging, metal lithium is brought into contact with the negative electrode in advance so as to dope the negative electrode with lithium (lithium pre-dope) (see Patent Literatures 1 and 2, for example). Patent Literature 1 discloses a method for doping the negative electrode with lithium by forming a lithium-containing film on the negative electrode. Patent Literature 2 discloses a method for doping the negative electrode with lithium by having lithium particles contained in a negative electrode active material layer.

LIST OF CITATION Patent Literatures PATENT LITERATURE 1: JP-A-2008-98151 PATENT LITERATURE 2: JP-A-2010-160986 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Problems to be Solved

However, the methods described in Patent Literatures 1 and 2 have the problem that a highly reactive metal lithium needs to be used. In addition, in the methods described in Patent Literatures 1 and 2, the negative electrode active material per se is not improved. Therefore, the improvement is not essential, and is not sufficient.

The present invention has been made in view of the above problem of the conventional technique. Namely, an object of the present invention is to provide a superior negative electrode active material having high initial charging/discharging efficiency, and a negative electrode and a lithium ion secondary battery using the negative electrode active material.

Solution to the Problems

A negative electrode active material according to the present invention contains silicon and silicon oxide, and includes primary particles having two phases of different compositions therein. One of the phases has a lower silicon element concentration than the other phase, and the one phase is a fibrous phase forming a network structure in a cross section of the primary particle in the negative electrode active material.

The active material having such configuration enables a significant increase in initial charging/discharging efficiency.

Preferably, the one phase and the other phase are both amorphous.

Thus, the irreversible capacity can be sufficiently decreased.

In the cross section of the primary particle, the area ratio of the fibrous phase forming a network structure per unit area is preferably 19.6% or more and 51.6% or less.

Thus, the initial charging/discharging efficiency can be sufficiently increased.

The width of the fibrous phase forming a network structure as observed in the cross section of the primary particle of the negative electrode active material is preferably 0.29 nm or more and 9.72 nm or less.

Thus, the irreversible capacity can be significantly decreased, and the initial charging/discharging efficiency can be further increased.

The ratio of the silicon element concentration C of the other phase and the silicon element concentration D of the fibrous phase forming a network structure (D/C) is preferably 0.44 or more and 0.97 or less.

Thus, the initial charging/discharging efficiency can be sufficiently increased.

The one phase preferably contains a compound expressed by LixSiOy (2≦x≦4, 3≦y≦4).

Thus, the initial charging/discharging efficiency can be sufficiently increased.

By providing a negative electrode according to the present invention that contains a binder and the above-described negative electrode active material disposed on a current collector, a negative electrode having significantly increased initial charging/discharging efficiency can be obtained.

By providing a lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention that includes a positive electrode, the negative electrode, a separator disposed therebetween, and an electrolyte solution, a battery with significantly increased initial charging/discharging efficiency can be obtained.

Effects of the Invention

According to the present invention, a superior negative electrode active material with high initial charging/discharging efficiency, and a negative electrode and a lithium ion secondary battery using the negative electrode active material can be provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross sectional view of a lithium ion secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a STEM observation image of a negative electrode active material.

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the cross section of the negative electrode active material.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENT

In the following, a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings as needed. In the drawings, the same or corresponding portions are designated with the same reference numerals, and the redundant description is omitted. The dimensional ratios in the drawings are not limited to the ratios shown in the drawings.

FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view illustrating a lithium ion secondary battery according to this embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the lithium ion secondary battery 100 includes a stacked body 30, and an electrolyte solution containing lithium ions. The stacked body 30 includes a positive electrode 10, a negative electrode 20 provided opposite to the positive electrode 10, and a separator 18. The separator 18 is interposed between the positive electrode 10 and the negative electrode 20 and is in contact with both a main plane of the positive electrode 10 and a main plane of the negative electrode 20

The lithium ion secondary battery 100 mainly includes the stacked body 30, a case 50 sealed with the stacked body 30 housed therein, and a pair of leads 60 and 62 connected to the stacked body 30.

The positive electrode 10 includes a positive electrode current collector 12, and a positive electrode active material layer 14 formed on the positive electrode current collector 12. The negative electrode 20 includes a negative electrode current collector 22, and a negative electrode active material layer 24 formed on the negative electrode current collector 22. The separator 18 is positioned between the negative electrode active material layer 24 and the positive electrode active material layer 14. The case 50 is formed of, for example, a metal laminated film.

(Positive Electrode Active Material Layer)

The positive electrode active material layer 14 is formed on the positive electrode current collector 12. The positive electrode active material layer 14 contains at least a positive electrode active material and a conductive auxiliary agent described below. Examples of the conductive auxiliary agent include: a carbon material such as carbon blacks; metal powder of copper, nickel, stainless steel, iron or the like; a mixture of the carbon material and metal powder; and a conductive oxide such as ITO. The carbon material preferably includes carbon with a tap density of 0.03 to 0.09 g/ml and carbon with a tap density of 0.1 to 0.3 g/ml.

The positive electrode active material layer may include a binder that binds the active material and the conductive auxiliary agent. The positive electrode active material layer 14 is formed through a process of applying, on the positive electrode current collector 12, a coating including the active material, binder, solvent, and conductive auxiliary agent.

As the positive electrode current collector 12, any conductive plate material may be used. Examples of the conductive plate material include metal thin plates (metal foil) of aluminum, copper, nickel, and an alloy thereof.

(Positive Electrode Active Material)

Examples of the positive electrode active material of the lithium ion secondary battery according to the embodiment include compounds cited below. Any well-known active material can be used without any particular limitations, as long as the active material can reversibly advance the intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions or the doping and de-doping between lithium ions and counter anions of the lithium ions (such as PF₆ ⁻).

The examples include lithium cobaltate (LiCoO₂), lithium nickelate (LiNiO₂), lithium manganese spinel (LiMn₂O₄), a complex metal oxide expressed by the general formula LiNi_(a)Co_(b)Mn_(c)M_(d)O₂ (a+b+c+d=1, 0≦a≦1, 0≦b≦1, 0≦c≦1, 0≦d≦1, where M represents one or more kinds of elements selected from Al, Mg, Nb, Ti, Cu, Zn, and Cr), a lithium vanadium compound (LiV₂O₅), olivine LiMPO₄ (where M represents one or more kinds of elements selected from Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Mg, Nb, Ti, Al, and Zr, or VO), and a composite metal oxide such as lithium titanate (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂).

(Binder)

The binder binds between the positive electrode active materials together, and also binds the positive electrode active material and the positive electrode current collector 12. The binder may be any binder capable of achieving the above binding. Examples of the binder include fluorine resin such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Other examples include polyimide resin, polyamide-imide resin, and thermoplastic elastomeric polymer such as styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBR), cellulose, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM), hydrogen additives thereof, styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene copolymer, styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer, and hydrogen additives thereof.

(Negative Electrode Active Material Layer)

The negative electrode active material layer 24 is formed on the negative electrode current collector 22. The negative electrode current collector 22 may be formed of any conductive plate material. Examples of the conductive plate material include metal thin plates (metal foil) of aluminum, copper, nickel, stainless steel, and alloys thereof. The negative electrode active material layer 24 is formed mainly of the negative electrode active material, binder, and a required amount of conductive auxiliary agent.

(Negative Electrode Active Material)

The negative electrode active material according to the embodiment is a negative electrode active material that contains silicon and silicon oxide. The negative electrode active material has two phases with different compositions in the primary particle thereof. One phase has a silicon element concentration lower than that of the other phase. Further, the one phase is characterized by being a fibrous phase forming a network structure in a cross section of the primary particle of the negative electrode active material.

According to the negative electrode active material having such configuration, the initial charging/discharging efficiency can be significantly increased. This is presumably due to the fact that the fibrous phase forming a network structure, which has low silicon element concentration and does not contribute to charging/discharging, permeates inside the negative electrode active material at the time of initial charging, whereby the development of cracks due to the expansion of the active material is prevented; as a result, the reactive area with the electrolyte solution is limited to an appropriate degree to suppress the film formation; and, concurrently, the lithium that is used for the film formation and that becomes inert at the time of initial charging is decreased.

Preferably, the one phase and the other phase are both amorphous.

Being amorphous leads to an increase in strength, whereby the expansion and contraction can be suppressed.

In the negative electrode active material according to the embodiment, the ratio of silicon oxide to silicon is preferably in a range of 1:1 to 1:10. When the ratio of silicon oxide to silicon is in the above range, the silicon volume expansion associated with charging and discharging can be suppressed while the high discharge capacity of silicon is sufficiently exhibited.

The primary particles of the negative electrode active material containing the silicon and silicon oxide preferably have a primary particle diameter of 100 nm or more and 15 μm or less. The primary particles of the negative electrode active material containing the silicon and silicon oxide more preferably have a particle diameter of 1 μm or more and 8 μm or less.

If the primary particle diameter of the negative electrode active material containing the silicon and silicon oxide does not reach the above range, the formation of the fibrous phase forming a network structure may become insufficient. As a result, the reactive area may fail to be more sufficiently increased, possibly resulting in a failure to obtain the best characteristics in terms of discharge capacity at a high rate. If the primary particle diameter of the negative electrode active material containing the silicon and silicon oxide exceeds the above range, the Li diffusion path may become increased. As a result, it may become difficult for the inside of the primary particle to contribute to charging and discharging reactions, possibly resulting in a deterioration in cycle characteristics.

Preferably, the area ratio of the fibrous phase forming a network structure per unit area is 19.6% or more and 51.6% or less. More preferably, in the cross section, the area ratio of the fibrous phase forming a network structure per unit area is 29.4% or more and 45.1% or less.

If the area ratio of the fibrous phase forming a network structure does not reach the above ranges, the formation of the fibrous phase forming a network structure having low silicon element concentration may become insufficient. As a result, the expansion and contraction may fail to be sufficiently suppressed, possibly resulting in a deterioration in cycle characteristics. If the area ratio of the fibrous forming a network structure exceeds the ranges, the fibrous phase forming a network structure having low silicon element concentration is increased. As a result, the lithium irreversibly trapped in the layer may be increased, possibly resulting in a failure to obtain the best characteristics of the initial charging/discharging efficiency.

Further, the width of the fibrous phase forming a network structure as observed in the cross section of the primary particle of the negative electrode active material is preferably 0.29 nm or more and 9.72 nm or less. More preferably, the width of the fibrous phase forming a network structure as observed in the cross section of the primary particle of the negative electrode active material is 2.89 nm or more and 5.17 nm or less.

If the width of the fibrous phase forming a network structure as observed in the cross section of the primary particle of the negative electrode active material does not reach the above ranges, the formation of the fibrous phase forming a network structure having low silicon element concentration becomes insufficient. As a result, the expansion and contraction may fail to be sufficiently suppressed, possibly resulting in a deterioration in cycle characteristics. If the width of the fibrous phase exceeds the ranges, the fibrous phase forming a network structure having low silicon element concentration is increased, possibly resulting in an increase in lithium irreversibly trapped in the layer. As a result, the best characteristics of the initial charging/discharging efficiency may fail to be obtained.

More preferably, as observed in the cross section of the primary particle of the negative electrode active material, the ratio of the silicon element concentration C of the other phase and the silicon element concentration D of the fibrous phase forming a network structure (D/C) is 0.44 or more and 0.97 or less. Even more preferably, D/C is 0.61 or more and 0.85 or less.

If the ratio of the silicon element concentration C of the other phase and the silicon element concentration D of the fibrous phase forming a network structure does not reach the above ranges, the expansion of the other phase at the time of charging/discharging becomes relatively large. As a result, the expansion may fail to be suppressed, whereby the cycle characteristics may deteriorate. If the ratio of the silicon element concentration C of the other phase and the silicon element concentration D of the one phase exceeds the above ranges, the contribution of the one phase to charging and discharging may become large, possibly resulting in a deterioration of the cycle characteristics.

Preferably, the one phase contains a compound expressed by LixSiOy (2≦x≦4, 3≦y≦4).

Because lithium is contained in the region where the silicon substance amount is small, lithium irreversibly reacts, and therefore the decrease in the reversible capacity at the time of initial charging can be suppressed.

The element concentration of silicon in the one phase and the other phase can be measured by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS).

The fibrous phase forming a network structure can be confirmed by observing the cross section of the negative electrode active material by STEM. The confirmation as to whether the phase is amorphous can be made based on electron beam diffraction on the cross section of the negative electrode active material.

The area ratio of the one phase per unit in the cross section of the primary particle of the negative electrode active material can be measured by the following procedure. The cross section of the negative electrode active material is captured by STEM. In a cross section of a freely selected particle of the negative electrode active material, a square region of 100 nm×100 nm is freely selected. The area of the fibrous phase forming a network structure in the region is measured. Then, the area ratio is calculated by area ratio=(area of the fibrous phase forming a network structure)/(area of the square measuring 100 nm×100 nm). The above operation is performed with respect to 10 locations in the same particle and 100 particles. An average value of the area ratios obtained by the above method is considered as the area ratio of the one phase per unit area in the cross section of the negative electrode active material.

The average distance of the width of the fibrous phase forming a network structure can be determined as follows. Using STEM, the cross section of the negative electrode active material is captured, and the length measurement is performed using the obtained STEM image. FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the cross section of the negative electrode active material. The width 201 of the fibrous phase forming a network structure is taken as the average value of values obtained by performing the length measurement with respect to freely-selected eight locations in a single particle and with respect to freely-selected 100 particles. Further, by the following method, freely-selected eight locations in the single particle are determined. First, four lines are drawn so as to have an intersection point at approximately the center of the particle and so as to divide the particle into eight portions. The adjacent lines form an angle of 45°. Using these lines, the width of the fibrous phase forming a network structure traversed by the lines is taken as the value of the width of the fibrous phase.

For the binder and conductive auxiliary agent used for the negative electrode active material layer, the same material as used in the above-described positive electrode 10 can be used. The content of the binder and conductive auxiliary agent may also be the same as that of the above-described positive electrode 10, except when it is necessary to take the magnitude of volume change in the negative electrode active material and adhesion with the foil into consideration.

The electrodes 10 and 20 can be fabricated by the conventional method. For example, the coating including the active material, binder, solvent, and conductive auxiliary agent is applied on the current collector, and then the solvent is removed out of the coating applied on the current collector, so that the electrodes can be fabricated.

Examples of the solvent that can be used include N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and N,N-dimethylformamide.

The coating method is not particularly limited. A method that is normally adopted to fabricate electrodes may be used. Examples of the coating method include a slit die coating method and a doctor blade method.

The method of removing the solvent from the coating applied on the current collectors 12 and 22 is not particularly limited. The current collectors 12 and 22 with coating applied thereon may be dried in an atmosphere of 80° C. to 150° C., for example.

The electrodes with the active material layers 14 and 24 formed thereon in this manner may be thereafter pressed using a roll pressing device or the like as necessary. The linear pressure of the roll pressing may be 10 to 50 kgf/cm, for example.

(Method for Fabricating Negative Electrode Active Material)

The negative electrode active material according to the embodiment can be fabricated as follows. For example, a negative electrode active material containing amorphous silicon (Si) and silicon oxide (SiO2) at the ratio of 5:1 is heated in vacuum at 350° C. and then quenched to produce cracks in the active material due to different thermal expansion rates. Then, the material is fired in oxygen atmosphere so as to oxidize the crack portions. As a result, the amount of oxygen in the crack surface is increased. In this manner, the phase containing silicon and silicon oxide having low silicon element concentration is formed. The material is again sintered in vacuum at 350° C., whereby the negative electrode active material according to the embodiment can be obtained.

When it is desired to dope the negative electrode active material with lithium, lithium doping may be performed by impregnating the negative electrode active material in a solution including lithium.

Next, constituent elements of the lithium ion secondary battery 100 other than the electrodes will be described.

The separator is not particularly limited as long as the separator is stable relative to the electrolyte solution and has the good liquid retaining property. General examples thereof include porous sheets of polyolefin such as polyethylene or polypropylene, and nonwoven fabrics.

(Electrolyte)

The electrolyte is contained in the positive electrode active material layer 14, the negative electrode active material layer 24, and the separator 18. The electrolyte is not particularly limited. For example, according to the embodiment, an electrolyte solution including lithium salt (electrolyte aqueous solution or electrolyte solution using organic solvent) may be used. The electrolyte aqueous solution, however, has an electrochemically low decomposition voltage, so that the withstand voltage at the time of charging is restricted to a low value. For this reason, the electrolyte is preferably an electrolyte solution using organic solvent (nonaqueous electrolyte solution). As the electrolyte solution, an electrolyte solution obtained by dissolving lithium salt in a nonaqueous solvent (organic solvent) may preferably be used. The lithium salt is not particularly limited, and any lithium salt that can be used as electrolyte in a lithium ion secondary battery may be used. Examples of the lithium salt that can be used include inorganic acid anionic salt such as LiPF₆ and LiBF₄, LiCF₃SO₃, and organic acid anionic salt such as (CF₃SO₂)₂NLi.

Examples of the organic solvent include aprotonic high-dielectric constant solvent such as ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate; acetates such as dimethyl carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate; and aprotonic low-viscosity solvent such as propionate esters. Preferably, the aprotonic high-dielectric constant solvent and the aprotonic low-viscosity solvent may be mixed at an appropriate ratio. Further, an ionic liquid using imidazolium, ammonium, or pyridinium cations may be used. The counter anion is not particularly limited. Examples of the counter anion include BF₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, and (CF₃SO₂)₂N⁻. The ionic liquid and the organic solvent may be mixed to be used.

From the viewpoint of electric conductivity, the concentration of the lithium salt in the electrolyte solution is preferably 0.5 to 2.0 M. The conductivity of the electrolyte at the temperature of 25° C. is preferably 0.01 S/m or more. The concentration is adjusted depending on the type and concentration of the electrolyte salt.

Moreover, in the electrolyte solution according to the embodiment, various kinds of additive may be added as needed. Examples of the additive include vinylene carbonate and methylvinylene carbonate for the purpose of improving the cycle life, biphenyl and alkylbiphenyl for the purpose of preventing the overcharge, various carbonate compounds, various carboxylic acid anhydrides and various nitrogen- or sulfur-containing compounds for the purpose of deoxidation and dehydration.

(Case)

The case 50 houses the stacked body 30 and the electrolyte solution and is sealed. The case 50 is not particularly limited as long as it is capable of suppressing the leakage of the electrolyte solution to the outside and entry of moisture or the like from the outside into the lithium ion secondary battery 100. For example, as the case 50, a metal laminated film obtained by coating a metal foil 52 with a polymer film 54 on each side, as illustrated in FIG. 1, may be used. An example of the usable metal foil 52 is an aluminum foil. An example of the usable polymer film 54 is a film of polypropylene or the like. For example, the material for the polymer film 54 on the outer side is preferably a high-melting point polymer. Preferable examples of the polymer include polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyamide. The material for the polymer film 54 on the inner side is preferably polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP), or like.

(Lead)

The leads 60 and 62 are formed of a conductive material such as aluminum. The leads 60 and 62 are respectively welded to the negative electrode current collector 22 and the positive electrode current collector 12 by the known method. Then, the positive electrode active material layer 14 of the positive electrode 10 and the negative electrode active material layer 24 of the negative electrode 20 are inserted into the case 50 together with the electrolyte solution, with the separator 18 interposed between the layers. The opening of the case 50 can then be sealed.

The preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described so far. The present invention, however, is not limited to the embodiment. For example, the shape of the lithium ion secondary battery is not limited to the shape illustrated in FIG. 1. The shape may be of a coin type obtained by stacking the electrodes and separator that are punched into a coin shape, or a cylinder type obtained by winding the electrode sheets and separator in a spiral shape.

EXAMPLES

In the following, the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to examples and a comparative example. The present invention, however, is not limited to the following examples.

Example 1 Fabrication of Negative Electrode Active Material

The negative electrode active material containing amorphous silicon (Si) and silicon oxide (SiO2) at the silicon-to-silicon oxide ratio of 5:1 was heated in vacuum at 350° C., and then quenched to produce cracks in the active material due to different thermal expansion rates. The material was then fired in oxygen atmosphere (0.5 atm), whereby the crack portions were oxidized. As a result, the amount of oxygen in the crack surface was increased, whereby SiOx with low silicon element concentration was formed. The material was again sintered in vacuum at 350° C., thereby obtaining a negative electrode active material. The negative electrode active material had two phases with different compositions, of which one phase had a lower silicon element concentration than the other phase. Further, the one phase had a structural body comprising a fibrous phase forming a network structure in a cross section of the primary particle of the negative electrode active material.

(STEM Observation of Negative Electrode Active Material)

FIG. 2 is a STEM image of the obtained negative electrode active material. It can be confirmed from the STEM image that inside the primary particle of the active material, two phases of different compositions are present, of which one phase is a fibrous phase forming a network structure in cross section and uniformly spread in the primary particle of the negative electrode active material. The area ratio of the fibrous phase forming a network structure per unit area of the obtained negative electrode active material, and the average distance of the width of the fibrous phase were measured. The results are shown in Table 1.

(Electron Beam Diffraction of Negative Electrode Active Material)

The fibrous phase forming a network structure and the other phase in the cross section of the obtained negative electrode active material were subjected to electron beam diffraction. As a result, it was confirmed that the fibrous phase and the other phase were both amorphous.

(EELS Measurement of Negative Electrode Active Material)

The fibrous phase forming a network structure and the other phase in the cross section of the obtained negative electrode active material were subjected to EELS measurement in order to measure the ratio of the silicon element concentration C of the other phase and the silicon element concentration D of the one fibrous phase forming a network structure (D/C). The results are shown in Table 1.

(Fabrication of Negative Electrode)

A slurry for forming the active material layer was prepared by mixing 83 parts by mass of the negative electrode active material fabricated by the above method, 2 parts by mass of acetylene black. 15 parts by mass of polyamide-imide, and 82 parts by mass of N-methyl pyrrolidone. This slurry was applied over a surface of a copper foil with a thickness of 14 μm so as to result in an active material coated amount of 2.0 mg/cm². The slurry was then dried at 100° C., thereby forming an active material layer.

Thereafter, the negative electrode was pressed and molded by roll pressing. The electrode was then heated in vacuum at 350° C. for three hours, so that the negative electrode with the 19-μm-thick active material layer was obtained.

(Fabrication of Lithium Ion Secondary Battery for Evaluation)

The lithium metal powder disperse negative electrode fabricated as above and a copper foil with a lithium metal foil affixed thereto as a counter electrode were put in an aluminum laminated pack, together with a separator formed of a polyethylene fine porous film held between the electrodes. Into the aluminum laminated pack, 1 M of LiPF₆ solution (solvent: EC/DEC=3/7 (volume ratio)) was poured as an electrolyte solution. This was followed by vacuum sealing, whereby a lithium ion secondary battery for evaluation was fabricated.

Examples 2 to 22

The negative electrode active materials according to Examples 2 to 22 were obtained by the same method as in Example 1 except that the cooling speed of the heating process was 200° C./min or 800° C./min, and that the hydrogen pressure was changed in a range of from 0.2 atm to 2.5 atm. The obtained negative electrode active materials were evaluated by STEM observation. As a result, it was confirmed that two phases of different compositions were present inside, of which one phase was a fibrous phase forming a network structure in a cross section of the primary particle of the negative electrode active material. Further, the cross section of the obtained negative electrode active materials was subjected to electron beam diffraction. As a result, it was confirmed that, as in Example 1, two phases of different compositions were both amorphous.

As in example 1, using STEM and EELS, the area ratio of the fibrous phase forming a network structure per unit area, the width of the fibrous phase, and the ratio of the silicon element concentration C of the other phase and the silicon element concentration D of the fibrous phase forming a network structure (D/C) were measured.

The negative electrodes and lithium ion secondary batteries for evaluation according to Examples 2 to 22 were fabricated by the same method as in Example 1, using the obtained negative electrode active materials.

Comparative Example 1

A negative electrode and a lithium ion secondary battery for evaluation according to Comparative Example 1 were fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the active material was not subjected to the vacuum heating process and the like and therefore the negative electrode active material that did not form a network structure was used.

(Measurement of Initial Charging/Discharging Efficiency)

Using a secondary battery charging/discharging test device (manufactured by HOKUTO DENKO CORPORATION), the lithium ion secondary batteries for evaluation fabricated according to Examples and Comparative Example were charged and discharged. The charging and discharging were conducted in a voltage range of from 0.005 V to 2.5 V at current value of 0.05 C, where 1 C=1600 mAh/g. Thus, the initial charge capacity, the initial discharge capacity, and the initial charging/discharging efficiency were determined. The initial charging/discharging efficiency (%) is the ratio of the initial discharge capacity to the initial charge capacity (100×initial discharge capacity/initial charge capacity). The results are shown in Table 1.

Area ratio of Silicon Width of fibrous phase element fibrous phase forming Initial concen- forming network charging/ Cooling Oxygen tration network structure per discharging rate pressure D ratio structure unit area efficiency (° C./sec) (atm) (D/C) (nm) (%) (%) Example 1 500 0.5 0.85 1.25 29.4 80.7 Example 2 500 1 0.74 2.89 35.1 81.3 Example 3 500 1.5 0.71 3.79 37.2 81.9 Example 4 500 2 0.64 4.61 39.7 81.4 Example 5 500 2.5 0.63 5.32 43.4 80.7 Example 6 800 0.5 0.75 5.17 42.2 81.1 Example 7 800 1 0.61 6.58 45.1 80.3 Example 8 800 1.5 0.58 7.32 47.9 79.1 Example 9 800 2 0.52 8.39 49.0 78.1 Example 10 800 2.5 0.44 9.72 51.6 77.2 Example 11 200 0.5 0.97 0.29 19.6 77.1 Example 12 200 1 0.91 0.49 21.4 78.9 Example 13 200 1.5 0.86 0.89 28.6 79.8 Example 14 200 2 0.8 1.34 30.1 80.9 Example 15 200 2.5 0.73 2.92 35.8 81.4 Example 16 200 0.4 1.1 10.5 11.1 77 Example 17 800 1.8 0.28 11.9 63.2 76.8 Example 18 500 0.8 0.61 2.3 44.4 81 Example 19 800 0.3 0.89 7.2 28.1 79.7 Example 20 800 0.2 0.97 7.3 27.0 79.8 Example 21 500 1.8 0.61 4.8 31.0 81.9 Example 22 500 1.2 0.83 3 41.0 82.1 Comparative — — — — — 70.3 example 1

The results shown in Table 1 indicate that the negative electrode active materials having two phases with different compositions in the primary particle, one of the phases having a lower silicon element concentration than the other phase, the one phase being a fibrous phase forming a network structure in the cross section of the primary particle exhibited high initial charging/discharging efficiency at a high rate compared with the case where the negative electrode active material not forming a network structure was used.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

Due to the active material according to the present invention, a lithium ion secondary battery having sufficiently high initial charging/discharging efficiency can be provided. The active material according to the present invention can be widely used in devices using the lithium ion secondary battery, and is therefore beneficial.

LIST OF NUMERAL REFERENCES

-   10 Positive electrode -   12 Positive electrode current collector -   14 Positive electrode active material layer -   18 Separator -   20 Negative electrode -   22 Negative electrode current collector -   24 Negative electrode active material layer -   30 Stacked body -   50 Case -   52 Metal foil -   54 Polymer film -   60, 62 Lead -   100 Lithium ion secondary battery -   201 Width of fibrous phase 

1. A negative electrode active material containing silicon and silicon oxide, and comprising primary particles having two phases of different compositions therein, wherein one of the phases has a lower silicon element concentration than the other phase, and the one phase is a fibrous phase forming a network structure in a cross section of the primary particle.
 2. The negative electrode active material according to claim 1, wherein the one phase and the other phase are both amorphous.
 3. The negative electrode active material according to claim 1, wherein, in the cross section of the primary particle, an area ratio per unit area of the fibrous phase forming the network structure is 19.6% or more and 51.6% or less.
 4. The negative electrode active material according to claim 1, wherein a width of the fibrous phase forming the network structure observed in the cross section of the primary particle is 0.29 nm or more and 9.72 nm or less.
 5. The negative electrode active material according to claim 1, wherein a ratio of a silicon element concentration C of the other phase and a silicon element concentration D of the fibrous phase forming the network structure (D/C) is 0.44 or more and 0.97 or less.
 6. The negative electrode active material according to claim 1, wherein the one phase contains a compound expressed by LixSiOy (2≦x≦4, 3≦y≦4).
 7. A negative electrode comprising a binder and the negative electrode active material according to claim 1 that are disposed on a current collector foil.
 8. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising: a positive electrode; the negative electrode according to claim 7; a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; and an electrolyte solution.
 9. A negative electrode comprising a binder and the negative electrode active material according to claim 2 that are disposed on a current collector foil.
 10. A negative electrode comprising a binder and the negative electrode active material according to claim 3 that are disposed on a current collector foil.
 11. A negative electrode comprising a binder and the negative electrode active material according to claim 4 that are disposed on a current collector foil.
 12. A negative electrode comprising a binder and the negative electrode active material according to claim 5 that are disposed on a current collector foil.
 13. A negative electrode comprising a binder and the negative electrode active material according to claim 6 that are disposed on a current collector foil.
 14. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising: a positive electrode; the negative electrode according to claim 9; a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; and an electrolyte solution.
 15. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising: a positive electrode; the negative electrode according to claim 10; a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; and an electrolyte solution.
 16. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising: a positive electrode; the negative electrode according to claim 11; a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; and an electrolyte solution.
 17. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising: a positive electrode; the negative electrode according to claim 12; a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; and an electrolyte solution.
 18. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising: a positive electrode; the negative electrode according to claim 13; a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; and an electrolyte solution. 